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ESSAYS ON ORIGINS:
The Human Tail, and Other Tales of Evolution
by Dr. David N. Menton, Ph.D.
This version copyright (c) 1994 by:
Missouri Association for Creation
_____________________________________________________________________
[No. 7 in a series] January 1994, Vol. 4, No. 1
_____________________________________________________________________
In the May 20, 1982 issue of _The New England Journal of Medicine_,
Dr. Fred Ledley, M.D. presented a clinical case report titled "Evolution
and the Human Tail." Ledley's report concerned a baby born with a two
inch long fleshy growth on it's back, bearing a superficial resemblance
to a tail. Ledley strongly implied that this growth (called a caudal
appendage) was essentially a "human tail," though he admitted that it
had virtually none of the distinctive biological characteristics of a
tail!
All true tails have bones in them that are a posterior extension of
the vertebral column. Also, all true tails have muscles associated with
their vertebrae which permit some movement of the tail. Ledley conceded
that there has never been a single documented case of an animal tail
lacking these distinctive features, nor has there been a single case of
a human caudal appendage having any of these features. In fact, the
caudal appendage Ledley described is merely a fatty outgrowth of skin
that wasn't located in the right place on the back to be a tail! Still,
Ledley saw his caudal appendage as providing compelling proof for the
evolution of man from our monkey-like ancestors. He said that:
"even those of us who are familiar with the literature that
defined our place in nature (Darwinism) -- are rarely confronted
with the relation between human beings and their primitive
ancestors on a daily basis. The caudal appendage brings this
reality to the fore and makes it tangible and inescapable."
Is there any branch of science, other than evolution, where such trivial
data can be extrapolated into such profound and "inescapable" facts?
The "human tail" is just one example of what evolutionists call a
"vestigial organ." As the name suggests, these organs are supposed to
represent useless remnants of what were once functional and useful
organs in our primitive ancestors. As recently as 1971, the
_Encyclopedia Britannica_ claimed that there were more than 100
vestigial organs in man. Even critically important organs such as the
thymus and parathyroid glands were once considered to be vestigial
simply because their functions were not understood. As biomedical
science has progressed, there are fewer and fewer claims of functionless
organs. Despite their diminishing numbers, vestigial organs are still
mentioned in textbooks as one of the strongest evidences for evolution
and against intelligent design by a Creator. The most frequently cited
examples of vestigial organs in man are the coccyx and the appendix.
The human coccyx, or "tail bone," is a group of four or five small
vertebrae fused into one bone at the lower end of our vertebral column.
Most of us never really think about our "tail bone" until we fall on it.
Evolutionists are dead certain that the coccyx is a vestige of a tail
left over from our monkey-like ancestors. The coccyx does occupy the
same relative position at the end of our vertebral column as does the
tail in tailed primates, but then, where else would it be? The
vertebral column is a linear row of bones that supports the head at its
beginning and it must end somewhere. Wherever it ends, evolutionists
will be sure to call it a vestigial tail.
Most modern biology textbooks give the erroneous impression that the
human coccyx has no real function other than to remind us of the
"inescapable fact" of evolution. In fact, the coccyx has some very
important functions. Several muscles converge from the ring-like
arrangement of the pelvic (hip) bones to anchor on the coccyx, forming a
bowl-shaped muscular floor of the pelvis called the pelvic diaphragm.
The incurved coccyx with its attached pelvic diaphragm keeps the many
organs in our abdominal cavity from literally falling through between
our legs. Some of the pelvic diaphragm muscles are also important in
controlling the elimination of waste from our body through the rectum.
Another common evolutionary claim found in textbooks is that the
human appendix is really a vestigial cecum left over from our
plant-eating evolutionary ancestors. The cecum is a blind-ending pouch
near the beginning of the large intestine which provides additional
space for digestion. In some plant-eating animals, such as cows, the
cecum contains special bacteria which aid in the digestion of cellulose.
The appendix is clearly not a vestigial cecum because almost every
mammal has a cecum and many of these _also_ have an appendix! Man, for
example, has both a cecum _and_ an appendix -- neither is vestigial or
useless. The appendix, like the once "vestigial" tonsils and adenoids,
is a lymphoid organ (part of the body's immune system) which makes
antibodies against infections in the digestive system. Believing it to
be a useless evolutionary "left over," many surgeons once removed even
the healthy appendix whenever they were in the abdominal cavity. Today,
removal of a healthy appendix under most circumstances would be
considered medical malpractice.
There are organs in the body which have no known function in the
adult but are still not vestigial in the evolutionary sense. For
example, poorly developed and inactive mammary glands are found in adult
males of all mammals, including man. Even evolutionists do not believe
that these rudimentary glands are vestigial mammary glands left over
from female ancestors of males, nor do they believe that males once
nursed their young. There is a much better explanation for the male
mammary gland. Males and females develop from nearly identical embryos
which, at an early stage of development, become either male or female
under the influence of genes in the sex chromosomes. The same parts of
an embryo may produce either male or female sex organs and mammary
glands. In humans, almost every component of female sex organs can be
found in a rudimentary form in the male; and the reverse is also true.
Thus, the presence of rudimentary organs in the adult do not tell us
something about evolution, but rather tell us something about
embryology.
In conclusion, the "vestigial" status of many organs has often been
merely a way of covering up our ignorance of their true function.
Unfortunately, there is little inclination to investigate the functional
significance of organs believed to be "useless." There are now few, if
any, organs that are considered to be functionless in both embryo and
adult. Even if vestigial organs were to exist they would not provide
evidence for evolution but rather for _devolution_. The problem for
evolutionists is not how useful organs are lost, but how evolution
produces new useful organs with all their integrated complexity. It is
here that we find true evolutionary tales.
_______________________________________________________________________
Dr. Menton received his Ph.D. in Biology from Brown University. He has
been involved in biomedical research and education for over 30 years.
Dr. Menton is President of the Missouri Association for Creation, Inc.
Originally published in:
St. Louis MetroVoice
PO Box 220010
St. Louis, MO 63122
_______________________________________________________________________
Corrections and revisions have been made by the
author from the original published essay.
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